Pentaketides and 5-p-Hydroxyphenyl-2-pyridone Derivative from the Culture Extract of a Marine Sponge-Associated Fungus Hamigera avellanea KUFA0732.

Five undescribed pentaketide derivatives, (R)-6,8-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-3-methylidene-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-1-one (1), [(3S,4R)-3,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-4,5-dimethyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-isochromen-3-yl]methyl acetate (2), (R)-5, 7-dimethoxy-3-((S)-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3,4-dimethylisobenzofuran-1(3H)-one (4b), (S)-7-hydroxy-3-((S)-1-hydroxyethyl)-5-methoxy-3,4-dimethylisobenzofuran 1(3H)-one (5), and a p-hydroxyphenyl-2-pyridone derivative, avellaneanone (6), were isolated together with the previously reported (R)-3-acetyl-7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-3,4-dimethylisobenzofuran-1(3H)-one (3), (R)-7-hydroxy-3-((S)-1-hydroxyethyl)-5-methoxy-3,4-dimethylisobenzofuran-1(3H)-one (4a) and isosclerone (7), from the ethyl acetate extract of a culture of a marine sponge-derived fungus, Hamigera avellanea KUFA0732. The structures of the undescribed compounds were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR, as well as high-resolution mass spectral analyses. The absolute configurations of the stereogenic carbons in 1, 4b, 5, and 6 were established by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The absolute configurations of C-3 and C-4 in 2 were determined by ROESY correlations and on the basis of their common biosynthetic origin with 1. The crude fungal extract and the isolated compounds 1, 3, 4b, 5, 6, and 7 were assayed for their growth inhibitory activity against various plant pathogenic fungi viz. Alternaria brassicicola, Bipolaris oryzae, Colletotrichum capsici, C. gloeosporiodes, Curvularia oryzae, Fusarium semitectum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Phytophthora palmivora, Pyricularia oryzae, Rhizoctonia oryzae and Sclerotium rolfsii.

New Hybrid Phenalenone Dimer, Highly Conjugated Dihydroxylated C28 Steroid and Azaphilone from the Culture Extract of a Marine Sponge-Associated Fungus, Talaromyces pinophilus KUFA 1767.

An undescribed hybrid phenalenone dimer, talaropinophilone (3), an unreported azaphilone, 7-epi-pinazaphilone B (4), an unreported phthalide dimer, talaropinophilide (6), and an undescribed 9R,15S-dihydroxy-ergosta-4,6,8 (14)-tetraen-3-one (7) were isolated together with the previously reported bacillisporins A (1) and B (2), an azaphilone derivative, Sch 1385568 (5), 1-deoxyrubralactone (8), acetylquestinol (9), piniterpenoid D (10) and 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methylphthalaldehydic acid (11) from the ethyl acetate extract of the culture of a marine sponge-derived fungus, Talaromyces pinophilus KUFA 1767. The structures of the undescribed compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR as well as high-resolution mass spectral analyses. The absolute configuration of C-9' of 1 and 2 was revised to be 9'S using the coupling constant value between C-8' and C-9' and was confirmed by ROESY correlations in the case of 2. The absolute configurations of the stereogenic carbons in 7 and 8 were established by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compounds 1,2, 4-8, 10 and 11 were tested for antibacterial activity against four reference strains, viz. two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853), as well as three multidrug-resistant strains, viz. an extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli, a methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and a vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis (VRE). However, only 1 and 2 exhibited significant antibacterial activity against both S. aureus ATCC 29213 and MRSA. Moreover, 1 and 2 also significantly inhibited biofilm formation in S. aureus ATCC 29213 at both MIC and 2xMIC concentrations.

Religious and secular spirituality: Methodological implications of definitions for health research.

The importance of spirituality as a research topic has been increasingly recognized, which has led to several studies on the topic. Areas including psychology, medicine, and nursing have produced studies on spirituality under a plurality of definitions and methods, which reveals the complexity of the theme. However, this has resulted in a range of potential problems, including: (1) the use of overlapping and contradictory terms between studies, or even within the same study, (2) research methodologies that do not fit the definitions (sometimes unreflectively) assumed by the authors, (3) difficulties, or even the impossibility, of comparing the results of studies, (4) controversies in respect of the inclusion/exclusion of secular groups in research on spirituality, and (5) ambiguous measurements, often being exclusively dependent on each participant's individual interpretation of what spirituality means. This article discusses these problems, recommends theoretical and methodological alternatives and presents taxonomy of definitions of spirituality.

New Alkylpyridinium Anthraquinone, Isocoumarin, C-Glucosyl Resorcinol Derivative and Prenylated Pyranoxanthones from the Culture of a Marine Sponge-Associated Fungus, Aspergillus stellatus KUFA 2017.

An unreported isocoumarin, (3S,4R)-4-hydroxy-6-methoxymellein (2), an undescribed propylpyridinium anthraquinone (4), and an unreported C-glucosyl resorcinol derivative, acetyl carnemycin E (5c), were isolated, together with eight previously reported metabolites including p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1), 1,3-dimethoxy-8-hydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone (3a), 1,3-dimethoxy-2,8-dihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone (3b), emodin (3c), 5[(3E,5E)-nona-3,5-dien-1-yl]benzene (5a), carnemycin E (5b), tajixanthone hydrate (6a) and 15-acetyl tajixanthone hydrate (6b), from the ethyl acetate extract of the culture of a marine sponge-derived fungus, Aspergillus stellatus KUFA 2017. The structures of the undescribed compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR and high resolution mass spectral analyses. In the case of 2, the absolute configurations of the stereogenic carbons were determined by comparison of their calculated and experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. The absolute configurations of the stereogenic carbons in 6a and 6b were also determined, for the first time, by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compounds 2, 3a, 3b, 4, 5a, 5b, 5c, 6a, and 6b were assayed for antibacterial activity against four reference strains, viz. two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853), as well as three multidrug-resistant strains. However, only 5a exhibited significant antibacterial activity against both reference and multidrug-resistant strains. Compound 5a also showed antibiofilm activity against both reference strains of Gram-positive bacteria.

[Memory of policies and practices in harm reduction: an interview with Fatima Machado]. / Memória das políticas e práticas em redução de danos: entrevista com Fátima Machado.

This interview addresses the trajectory of harm reduction policies and practices in Brazil, in the words of harm reducer Fatima Machado. Harm reduction emerged in the 1980s in Europe, it began in Brazil in 1989 as a strategy to prevent aids among injection drug users, and then diversified and expanded. This interview focuses on the early years of developing these innovative practices and questions their current developments. Fatima Machado was one of the precursors working in the field and in activism for harm reduction in Brazil, and one of the founders of the Brazilian Association of Harm Reducers.

A entrevista aborda a trajetória das políticas e práticas de redução de danos no Brasil por meio do depoimento da redutora de danos Fátima Machado. A perspectiva de redução de danos surgiu na Europa, na década de 1980, e no Brasil iniciou em 1989, como estratégia de prevenção à aids entre usuários de drogas injetáveis, e depois se diversificou e ampliou. A entrevista focaliza os anos iniciais de desenvolvimento dessas práticas inovadoras e problematiza seus desdobramentos atuais. Fátima Machado foi uma das precursoras no trabalho de campo e ativismo da redução de danos no Brasil e uma das fundadoras da Associação Brasileira de Redutores de Danos.

Memória das políticas e práticas em redução de danos: entrevista com Fátima Machado / Memory of policies and practices in harm reduction: an interview with Fatima Machado

Resumo A entrevista aborda a trajetória das políticas e práticas de redução de danos no Brasil por meio do depoimento da redutora de danos Fátima Machado. A perspectiva de redução de danos surgiu na Europa, na década de 1980, e no Brasil iniciou em 1989, como estratégia de prevenção à aids entre usuários de drogas injetáveis, e depois se diversificou e ampliou. A entrevista focaliza os anos iniciais de desenvolvimento dessas práticas inovadoras e problematiza seus desdobramentos atuais. Fátima Machado foi uma das precursoras no trabalho de campo e ativismo da redução de danos no Brasil e uma das fundadoras da Associação Brasileira de Redutores de Danos.

Abstract This interview addresses the trajectory of harm reduction policies and practices in Brazil, in the words of harm reducer Fatima Machado. Harm reduction emerged in the 1980s in Europe, it began in Brazil in 1989 as a strategy to prevent aids among injection drug users, and then diversified and expanded. This interview focuses on the early years of developing these innovative practices and questions their current developments. Fatima Machado was one of the precursors working in the field and in activism for harm reduction in Brazil, and one of the founders of the Brazilian Association of Harm Reducers.

Simultaneous changes in visual acuity, cortical population receptive field size, visual field map size, and retinal thickness in healthy human aging.

Healthy human aging is associated with a deterioration of visual acuity, retinal thinning, visual field map shrinkage and increasing population receptive field sizes. Here we ask how these changes are related to each other in a cross-sectional sample of fifty healthy adults aged 20-80 years. We hypothesized that age-related loss of macular retinal ganglion cells may lead to decreased visual field map sizes, and both may lead to increased pRF sizes in the cortical central visual field representation. We measured our participants' perceptual corrected visual acuity using standard ophthalmological letter charts. We then measured their early visual field map (V1, V2 and V3) functional population receptive field (pRF) sizes and structural surface areas using fMRI, and their retinal structure using high-definition optical coherence tomography. With increasing age visual acuity decreased, pRF sizes increased, visual field maps surface areas (but not whole-brain surface areas) decreased, and retinal thickness decreased. Among these measures, only functional pRF sizes predicted perceptual visual acuity, and Bayesian statistics support a null relationship between visual acuity and cortical or retinal structure. However, pRF sizes were in turn predicted by cortical structure only (visual field map surface areas), which were only predicted by retinal structure (thickness). These results suggest that simultaneous disruptions of neural structure and function throughout the early visual system may underlie the deterioration of perceptual visual acuity in healthy aging.

Prenylated phenylbutyrolactones from cultures of a marine sponge-associated fungus Aspergillus flavipes KUFA1152.

Four undescribed prenylated phenylbutyrolactones, aspulvinones R, S, T and U, were isolated together with the previously reported aspulvinones A, B', H and 4-hydroxy-3,5-bis(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)benzaldehyde, from cultures of the marine sponge-derived fungus Aspergillus flavipes KUFA1152. The structures of the undescribed compounds were established on the basis of extensive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and HRMS spectra. In the case of aspulvinone T, the absolute configuration of its stereogenic carbon was established by comparison of the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. The structure of the previously reported compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR analysis as well as comparison of their 1H or/and 13C NMR data with those reported in the literature. Aspulvinones B', H, R, S, T and a mixture of aspulvinones A and U exhibited antibacterial activity against reference strains and multidrug-resistant isolates from the environment as well as capacity to inhibit biofilm formation in the reference strains. However, none of the tested compounds showed potential synergy with clinically relevant antibiotics on multidrug-resistant isolates.

Experiências anômalas e dissociativas em contexto religioso: uma abordagem autoetnográfica / Anomalous and dissociative experiences in a religious context: an autoethnographic approach / Experiencias anómalas y disociativas en un contexto religioso: un enfoque autoetnografico

A presente pesquisa investigou as características fenomenológicas das experiências anômalas (EAs) relatadas em contextos mediúnicos umbandistas, a partir de uma comparação entre EAs reportadas durante rituais envolvendo o uso da substância Ayahuasca e rituais sem o uso dessa substância. Para tanto, comparamos indivíduos com diferentes graus de envolvimento com as práticas mediúnicas umbandistas, tendo por base uma abordagem autoetnográfica. A perspectiva metodológica adotada nos permitiu confrontar os dados subjetivos com o conhecimento disponível na literatura acadêmica acerca das EAs, dos fenômenos dissociativos e estados alterados de consciência, tendo sido fundamental para uma compreensão mais sensível das nuances e características dessas experiências. Os relatos analisados atestam uma semelhança significativa entre as experiências vivenciadas com e sem o uso de Ayahuasca em contextos mediúnicos. Em ambos os casos, os experienciadores puderam reconhecer similaridades no que diz respeito à redução do controle motor, às alterações perceptivas e mnêmicas experimentadas, à comunicabilidade da experiência, à recepção anômala de informação e a um aumento da sensibilidade interpessoal. Os resultados indicam a viabilidade metodológica da autoetnografia como recurso para um aprofundamento de aspectos das EAs e outras experiências subjetivas usualmente de difícil investigação por outros métodos.

The present study explored the phenomenological characteristics of anomalous experiences (AEs) reported during Umbanda rituals, a mediumistic Brazilian religion, with the aim of comparing AEs reported during rituals involving the use of Ayahuasca (an entheogen frequently used in some Umbanda contexts) and rituals without the use of this substance. In order to do so, we compared individuals with different levels of involvement with the mediumistic practices. The study was based on an auto-ethnographic approach. This methodological perspective allowed us to confront subjective data with the available knowledge in the scientific literature about AEs, dissociative phenomena and altered states of consciousness and was of fundamental importance for a more sensitive understanding of the nuances and characteristics of these experiences. The results attest to a significant similarity between the experiences reported with and without the use of Ayahuasca in mediumistic contexts. In both groups, the experiencers were able to identify certain similarities in their experiences regarding a reduction of voluntary motor control, changes in memory and perception, communicability and accessibility of experiences, anomalous information reception and increases in interpersonal sensitivity. The results support the methodological feasibility of autoethnography as a research tool and point to its relevance to a deeper understanding of AEs and other subjective experiences usually of difficult investigation by other research methods.

En la presente investigación se analiso las características fenomenológicas de experiencias anómalas (EAs) relatadas en contextos mediúmnicos umbandistas por medio de una comparación entre EAs reportadas durante rituales con el uso de la sustancia Ayahuasca y rituales sin el uso de esa sustancia. Para alcanzar ese objectivo, comparamos algunas caracteristicas de individuos con diferentes grados de involucracion con las prácticas mediúmnicas. Utilizamos un enfoque autoetnográfico. La perspectiva metodológica adoptada nos permitió evaluar los datos subjetivos con el conocimiento disponible en la literatura académica acerca de las EAs, de los fenómenos disociativos y los estados alterados de conciencia. Este acercamiento metodológico fue fundamental para una comprensión más sensible de los matices y características de las experiencias investigadas. Los relatos analizados atestiguan una similitud significativa entre las experiencias vivenciadas con y sin el uso de Ayahuasca en contextos mediúmnicos. En ambos casos, los participantes reconoceran similitudes en lo que se refiere a la reducción del control motor, a las alteraciones perceptivas y mnémicas experimentadas, a la comunicabilidad de la experiencia, a la recepción anómala de información, y un aumento de la sensibilidad interpersonal. Los resultados indican la viabilidad metodológica de la autoetnografía como recurso para una compreension profunda de aspectos de las EAs y otras experiencias subjetivas usualmente de difícil investigación por otros métodos.

A Ciência dos Religiosos: Estudo Exploratório dos Usos e Sentidos que Religiosos Fazem da Ciência

Este artigo apresenta um estudo empírico exploratório das atitudes e opiniões de religiosos acerca da ciência, cujos resultados foram interpretados a partir das noções de campo psicológico/espaço vital de Lewin. Objetivo: investigar a visão que adeptos de diferentes grupos religiosos brasileiros têm da ciência, os fatores que influenciaram essa visão (como a educação familiar e escolar) e o recurso à religião ou à ciência diante do sofrimento e do mal. Método: estudo transversal quantitativo com uso da Escala de Crença na Ciência e um questionário original investigando as perspectivas dos religiosos frente à ciência. Participantes: 206 mulheres e 102 homens (N=308) com diferentes afiliações religiosas. Resultados: como tendências gerais, verificou-se: (1) maior propensão à descrença na ciência, a despeito do reconhecimento de sua importância; (2) percepção de posição favorável à ciência por parte da religião e de grupos religiosos; (3) consideração de que não há conflito irreconciliável entre ciência e religião; e (4) maior tendência a buscar recursos na ciência e na religião ao mesmo tempo (ou exclusivamente na religião) para lidar com o sofrimento e o mal. Análises mais detalhadas evidenciaram, ainda, diferenças significativas entre as afiliações religiosas em seus níveis de aproximação ou afastamento da ciência.

This article presents an exploratory empirical study of the attitudes and opinions of religious people about science, which the results were interpreted based on Lewin's notion of psychological field/life space. Objective: to investigate the views held by adherents of different Brazilian religious groups about science, the factors that influenced this view (such as family and school education) and the use of religion or science to cope with suffering and the evil. Method: a quantitative cross-sectional study using the Belief in Science Scale and an original questionnaire to investigate the perspectives of religious individuals towards science. Participants: 206 women and 102 men (N = 308) from different religious groups. Results: the following general trends were found: (1) nonbelief in science, despite considering its importance to some extent; (2) the perception that religious groups have a non-negative attitude towards science, and that religion is favorable to science; (3) the consideration that there is no irreconcilable conflict between science and religion; and (4) the use of both science and religion, or exclusively of religion, to cope with suffering and the evil. More detailed analyzes also revealed significant differences between religious affiliations in their levels of support to (or rejection of) science.

A knowledge discovery methodology from EEG data for cyclic alternating pattern detection.

BACKGROUND: Detection and quantification of cyclic alternating patterns (CAP) components has the potential to serve as a disease bio-marker. Few methods exist to discriminate all the different CAP components, they do not present appropriate sensitivities, and often they are evaluated based on accuracy (AC) that is not an appropriate measure for imbalanced datasets. METHODS: We describe a knowledge discovery methodology in data (KDD) aiming the development of automatic CAP scoring approaches. Automatic CAP scoring was faced from two perspectives: the binary distinction between A-phases and B-phases, and also for multi-class classification of the different CAP components. The most important KDD stages are: extraction of 55 features, feature ranking/transformation, and classification. Classification is performed by (i) support vector machine (SVM), (ii) k-nearest neighbors (k-NN), and (iii) discriminant analysis. We report the weighted accuracy (WAC) that accounts for class imbalance. RESULTS: The study includes 30 subjects from the CAP Sleep Database of Physionet. The best alternative for the discrimination of the different A-phase subtypes involved feature ranking by the minimum redundancy maximum relevance algorithm (mRMR) and classification by SVM, with a WAC of 51%. Concerning the binary discrimination between A-phases and B-phases, k-NN with mRMR ranking achieved the best WAC of 80%. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a KDD that, to the best of our knowledge, was for the first time applied to CAP scoring. In particular, the fully discrimination of the three different A-phases subtypes is a new perspective, since past works tried multi-class approaches but based on grouping of different sub-types. We also considered the weighted accuracy, in addition to simple accuracy, resulting in a more trustworthy performance assessment. Globally, better subtype sensitivities than other published approaches were achieved.

Dissociação, crença e criatividade: uma introdução ao pensamento de Théodore Flournoy / Dissociation, belief and creativity: an introduction to the thoughts of Théodore Flournoy

O presente artigo aborda um pouco da história e das principais contribuições do psicólogo suíço Théodore Flournoy (1854-1920), notadamente, seus trabalhos acerca da dissociação, da crença religiosa, da fantasia e da criatividade. Flournoy tem sido um autor negligenciado na história da psicologia e é pouco conhecido no Brasil. Flournoy dedicou-se ao estudo de temas considerados controvertidos, como a mediunidade e outras experiências alegadamente paranormais. Sua abordagem, no entanto, foi estritamente psicológica e suas contribuições sobre a função dos sonhos e da imaginação constituíram uma teoria alternativa à de Freud, no início do século XX,que enfatizava os aspectos mais criativos e construtivos do inconsciente, tendo antecedido hipóteses desenvolvidas mais tarde por Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961). O artigo aborda alguns dos possíveis fatores históricos envolvidos na omissão ao trabalho de Flournoy, bem com seu papel nas controvérsias em torno da consideração dos fenômenos parapsicológicos como objetos da psicologia científica na transição do século XIX para o XX. (AU)

This article is about the history and the main contributions of the Swiss psychologist Théodore Flournoy (1854-1920), notably his work on dissociation, religious belief, fantasy and creativity. Flournoy is a neglected author in the history of psychology and is little known in Brazil. He devoted himself to the study of issues considered controversial, such as medium ship and other alleged paranormal experiences. His approach, however, was strictly psychological and his contributions about the function of dreams and imagination were an alternative to the theory of Freud in the early twentieth century, which emphasized the more creative and constructive aspects of the unconscious, having preceded hypotheses developed later by Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961). The article discusses some of the possible historical factors involved in the omission of the work of Flournoy, as well as its role in the controversies surrounding the consideration of parapsychological phenomena as objects of scientific psychology from the late nineteenth century to the twentieth century.(AU)

Dissociação, crença e criatividade: uma introdução ao pensamento de Théodore Flournoy / Dissociation, belief and creativity: an introduction to the thoughts of Théodore Flournoy

O presente artigo aborda um pouco da história e das principais contribuições do psicólogo suíço Théodore Flournoy (1854-1920), notadamente, seus trabalhos acerca da dissociação, da crença religiosa, da fantasia e da criatividade. Flournoy tem sido um autor negligenciado na história da psicologia e é pouco conhecido no Brasil. Flournoy dedicou-se ao estudo de temas considerados controvertidos, como a mediunidade e outras experiências alegadamente paranormais. Sua abordagem, no entanto, foi estritamente psicológica e suas contribuições sobre a função dos sonhos e da imaginação constituíram uma teoria alternativa à de Freud, no início do século XX, que enfatizava os aspectos mais criativos e construtivos do inconsciente, tendo antecedido hipóteses desenvolvidas mais tarde por Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961). O artigo aborda alguns dos possíveis fatores históricos envolvidos na omissão ao trabalho de Flournoy, bem com seu papel nas controvérsias em torno da consideração dos fenômenos parapsicológicos como objetos da psicologia científica na transição do século XIX para o XX.(AU)

This article is about the history and the main contributions of the Swiss psychologist Théodore Flournoy (1854-1920), notably his work on dissociation, religious belief, fantasy and creativity. Flournoy is a neglected author in the history of psychology and is little known in Brazil. He devoted himself to the study of issues considered controversial, such as mediumship and other alleged paranormal experiences. His approach, however, was strictly psychological and his contributions about the function of dreams and imagination were an alternative to the theory of Freud in the early twentieth century, which emphasized the more creative and constructive aspects of the unconscious, having preceded hypotheses developed later by Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961). The article discusses some of the possible historical factors involved in the omission of the work of Flournoy, as well as its role in the controversies surrounding the consideration of parapsychological phenomena as objects of scientific psychology from the late nineteenth century to the twentieth century.(AU)

A-phases subtype detection using different classification methods.

Cyclic alternating patterns (CAPs) occur during normal sleep, but higher CAP rates are associated with abnormal conditions, such as epilepsy. Efficient automatic classification of CAP A-phase sub-types would be of remarkable importance for the consideration of CAP as a disease bio-marker. This paper reports a multi-step methodology for the classification of A-phases subtypes. The methodology encompasses: feature extraction, feature ranking, and classification (Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) and Discriminant Analysis (DA)). The study was carried out on 30 subjects with nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. The best classifier is based on a SVM that achieved an accuracy of 71%. For each Aphase subtype, i.e. A1, A2, and A3, the sensitivities were 55%, 37% and 25%, respectively. The classifiers developed are an innovation compared to what is found on literature, because they are designed to detect all subtypes and achieved better performance values. However, the performance values still need to be improved to achieve a reliable classifier that would not need a human technician supervision.

Automatic identification of Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP) sequences based on the Teager Energy Operator.

The Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP) is a periodic cerebral activity prevalent during Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep-stages. The CAP is composed by A-phases that are related to a change in amplitude, frequency or both from the background activity epochs, called B-phases. Depending on the type of increase the A-phase could be classified as A1, A2 or A3 subtype. This paper proposes the usage of the Teager Energy Operator (TEO) to analyze the amplitude changes in the different frequency-bands to detect A-phases subtypes. The TEO classification performance is compared with the performance of a state-of-the art EEG feature, applied previously for CAP scoring and referred as the macro-micro structure descriptor (MMSD). In general, the TEO is the best feature and the improved results were obtained in the delta band for the A1 and A2 sub-types. More precisely, a sensitivity and specificity of 80.31% and 82.93% were obtained for the A1 subtype, respectively. A2 phases were detected with 76.96% of sensitivity and 73.22% of specificity. The two features detected A3 subtype with approximately the same sensitivity (approx. 70%) and specificity (approx. 75%), however the results were improved by considering the highest frequency band. These results are consistent with the frequency content of the different sub-phases.

Reprodutibilidade e validade de um questionário de frequência alimentar por grupos de alimentos, em adultos da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, Brasil / Reproducibility and validity of a food frequency questionnaire based on food groups, in adult population of the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Testar reprodutibilidade e validade por grupos de alimentos de um questionário de frequência alimentar, desenvolvido para indivíduos adultos residentes no Sul do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Dois questionários de frequência alimentar e três inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas foram aplicados a 128 participantes, com idade entre 20 e 69 anos. Os alimentos foram agrupados em 19 grupos previamente definidos. As análises foram realizadas com dados brutos e corrigidos pela energia. RESULTADOS: Apenas nas estimativas de ingestão dos grupos de folhosos e de leguminosas observaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os dois questionários de frequência alimentar. Os coeficientes de correlação, corrigidos pela energia, entre os questionários variaram de 0,53 (embutidos e presuntos) a 0,85 (bebidas alcoólicas e leite e derivados light). Quanto à validade, ambos os questionários produziram tanto estimativas de ingestão mais altas como mais baixas do que a média dos inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas. O coeficiente de correlação médio entre cada questionário e os inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas foi de 0,39 para o questionário de frequência alimentar 1, e de 0,40 para o questionário de frequência alimentar 2. Os coeficientes de correlação foram iguais ou maiores que 0,40 para 9 grupos alimentares no questionário de frequência alimentar 1, e para 11 grupos no questionário de frequência alimentar 2. Os percentuais médios de classificação no mesmo terço, pelos dois métodos, foram 49% para o questionário de frequência alimentar 1, e 48% para o questionário de frequência alimentar 2. Os valores de Kappa ponderado variaram de -0,04 (bebidas não-alcoólicas) a 0,69 (leite e derivados light), considerando ambos os questionários. CONCLUSÃO: O questionário de frequência alimentar baseado em grupos de alimentos representa uma boa alternativa para avaliar o hábito alimentar, com a vantagem de ter uma lista reduzida de itens alimentares.

OBJECTIVE: To test reproducibility and validity of a food frequency questionnaire based in food groups developed for adults living in Southern Brazil. METHODS: Two food frequency questionnaire (food frequency questionnaire 1 and food frequency questionnaire 2) and three 24-hour dietary recalls (24h-R) were applied to 128 participants (20-69 years). The foods were grouped in 19 groups previously defined. Analyses were performed for crude data and adjusted for energy. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences in the estimates of intake between two food frequency questionnaire were observed for the group of leafy vegetables and legumes. The energy-adjusted correlation coefficients between questionnaires ranged from 0.53 (sausages and hams) to 0.85 (alcoholic beverages and low-fat dairy). As to the validity, both questionnaires showed higher and lower estimates of intake in relation to 24-hour dietary recalls. The mean correlation coefficient between each food frequency questionnaire and 24h-R was 0.39 (food frequency questionnaire 1) and 0.40 (food frequency questionnaire 2). The correlation coefficients were equal to or greater than 0.40 for nine food groups in the food frequency questionnaire 1 and for eleven food groups in the food frequency questionnaire 2. The average classification percentages in the same tertile, by the two methods, were 49% (food frequency questionnaire 1) and 48% (food frequency questionnaire 2). The weighted kappa values ranged from -0.04 (non-alcoholic beverages) to 0.69 (milk and light derived) for both food frequency questionnaire. CONCLUSION: This food frequency questionnaire based food group represents a good alternative for assessing the food habits, with the advantage of having a short list of food items.

[Health services utilization by the adult population in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: a cross-sectional study]. / Utilização de serviços de saúde pela população adulta de São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: resultados de um estudo transversal.

The aim was to describe healthcare utilization by adults in a Brazilian city. The outcomes were medical appointments in the previous month and use of public (Unified National Health System - SUS) versus private healthcare services. A population-based cross-sectional study with 1,098 adults aged 20 years or over was carried out. No medical appointment in the previous month was reported by 623 persons (56.7%, 95%CI: 53.8-59.7). Of the 487 individuals who had consulted a physician, 51.2% used the public healthcare system, 26.9% private care, and 22% other services. Consultation was associated with female gender and older age. Individuals in the intermediate categories for income, schooling, and socioeconomic status consulted less than the corresponding high and low categories. The results suggest that the middle class in this city lacks the purchasing power to seek care in the private sector while also using public services less, thus generally seeking healthcare less frequently.

Utilização de serviços de saúde pela população adulta de São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: resultados de um estudo transversal / Health services utilization by the adult population in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: a cross-sectional study

O objetivo do estudo foi descrever as características da população adulta em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, quanto ao uso de serviços de saúde. Avaliaram-se como desfecho: não se consultar com médico no último mês, utilizar serviços do SUS e se consultar nos serviços privados. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com indivíduos de ambos os sexos, de 20 a 69 anos. Das 1.098 pessoas respondentes, 623 (56,7 por cento; IC95 por cento: 53,8-59,7) não haviam se consultado com médico no último mês. Dos 487 indivíduos que tinham se consultado, 51,2 por cento utilizaram os serviços do SUS, 26,9 por cento os serviços privados e 22 por cento outros serviços. Consultar estava associado com sexo feminino e idade elevada. A análise evidenciou que os indivíduos nas categorias intermediárias de renda, escolaridade e classe econômica se consultavam menos do que as correspondentes altas e baixas categorias. Os resultados sugerem que a classe intermediária, por não possuir "capacidade de compra" para serviços privados e/ou por não utilizar o sistema público, tenderia a procurar assistência de saúde com menor frequência.

The aim was to describe healthcare utilization by adults in a Brazilian city. The outcomes were medical appointments in the previous month and use of public (Unified National Health System - SUS) versus private healthcare services. A population-based cross-sectional study with 1,098 adults aged 20 years or over was carried out. No medical appointment in the previous month was reported by 623 persons (56.7 percent, 95 percentCI: 53.8-59.7). Of the 487 individuals who had consulted a physician, 51.2 percent used the public healthcare system, 26.9 percent private care, and 22 percent other services. Consultation was associated with female gender and older age. Individuals in the intermediate categories for income, schooling, and socioeconomic status consulted less than the corresponding high and low categories. The results suggest that the middle class in this city lacks the purchasing power to seek care in the private sector while also using public services less, thus generally seeking healthcare less frequently.

A Psicologia das crenças paranormais. Uma revisão crítica / The Psychology of paranormal beliefs. A critical review

O artigo apresenta uma revisão crítica do estudo psicológico das crençasparanormais. O conceito de crença paranormal implica assumir que algo que se crê sejainexplicável em termos da ciência atual; ou que tal explicação seja possível somente comamplas revisões dos limites básicos dos princípios da ciência; e/ou (c) seja incompatívelcom o quadro de referência perceptivo e expectativas sobre a realidade. A Psicologiatem se devotado a compreender as crenças paranormais e os pesquisadores têm lançadomão de hipóteses na tentativa de compreende-las psicologicamente. As principais hipótesessão a da marginalidade social; da visão de mundo; do déficit cognitivo e das funçõespsicodinâmicas. As principais pesquisas que oferecem base a tais hipóteses sãoapresentadas e seus resultados discutidos no sentido de se avaliar a existência ou não debase empírica para a aceitação ou rejeição daquelas hipóteses(AU)

This article presents a critical review of a psychological study on paranormalbeliefs. The concept of a paranormal belief implies assuming that something you believeis unexplainable in terms of the present science; or that the explanation is only possiblewith extense reviews of the basic limits of science principles; and/or (c) is incompatiblewith the frame of perceptual reference and expectations about reality. Psychology hasbeen devoted to comprehend paranormal beliefs and the researchers have resorted tohypotheses trying to understand them psychologically. The main hypotheses are thesocial marginality; the world view; the cognitive deficit and the psychodynamic functions.The main studies that provide a basis for such hypotheses are presented, and theirresults discussed in order to evaluate the existence or absence of an empirical basis forthe acceptance or rejection of those hypotheses(AU)

Benefícios da drenagem linfática manual na paniculopatia edemato fibroesclerótica / Benefits of manual lymphatic drainage in edematofibrosclerotic panniculitis: review

Paniculopatia edemato fibroesclerótica (PEFE) popularmente conhecida como celulite, é uma afecção que ocasiona alterações inestéticas, caracterizadas por depressões e nódulos, principalmente em glúteos, coxas e abdômens da maioria das mulheres a partir da adolescência. Pouco ainda se conhece da sua fisiopatologia, sendo um assunto carente de estudos na área e, com tratamentos nem sempre toleráveis e efetivos. Estudos colocam os estrógenos como importantes no início, no desenvolvimento e cronificação da PEFE, pela influência na polimerização das glicosaminoglicanas, na microcirculação, nas proteínas fibrosas e no tecido adiposo da região ginóide, os quais são afetados em diferentes graus, podendo levar à reação fibrótica e à esclerose. A drenagem linfática manual consiste em um conjunto de manobras específicas, por meio de pressão suave, lenta e rítmica, que segue o trajeto do sistema linfático, e visa melhorar suas funções essenciais, prejudicadas nesta patologia. Desta maneira, este trabalho teve o objetivo de revisar na literatura a fisiopatologia da PEFE, e relacionar os benefícios da drenagem linfática manual nesta afecção, relacionando-a com a anatomofisiologia do sistema linfático.

Edematofibrosclerotic panniculitis (EFP) popularly known as cellulite is a condition that causes aesthetically changes characterized by dimpling, mainly in gluteus, thighs and abdomens of most women from adolescence. This subject needs more investigation and the treatment is not always tolerable and effective. The researches put the estrogens as important at the beginning, development and chronicity of EFP, for its influence in glycosaminoglycans hiperpolymerization, in microcirculation, in fibrous proteins and fat tissue in the gynoid region, which are affected to varying degrees and may lead to fibrotic and sclerosis. The manual lymphatic drainage is a set of specific maneuvers, using gentle pressure, slow and rhythmic, that follows the path of the lymphatic system and aims to improve its key functions, affected in this pathology. Thus, this issue aimed to review the literature on the pathophysiology of EFP and relate the benefits of manual lymphatic drainage in this condition, relating it to the anatomy and physiology of the lymphatic system.